What have been the focal points of our evaluation work in the last two years? Here is a brief overview of the projects we evaluated, the results we came to, and the lessons we learnt.
Detailed information on the individual projects and their evaluations can be found in this link
1. Graph region: Average grade according to the number of projects
This graph shows for each of the 6 project regions in the world how many projects have been evaluated 2021 and 2022 and also what their average grade is. The worldwide average was 2,69. It shows
in Sub-Saharan Africa 33 projects with an average rating of 2,64
in Asia/Oceania 28 projects with an average rating of 3,04
in Europe/Caucasus 12 projects with an average 2,33
in Latin America 11 projects with an average 2,59
in Northern Africa/Middle East 32 projects with an average 2,59 and
inter-regional 6 projects with an average 2,17
2. Graph region: Success rate according to the number of projects
This graph shows the average success rates (rating 3 or better) of projects according to the different regions in the 2021-2022 period. Across all regions, the average success rate is 84,4%. Specifically:
33 projects in Sub-Saharan Africa, thereof 88% successful
28 projects in Asia/Oceania, thereof 68% successful
12 projects in Europe/Caucasus, thereof 92% successful
11 projects in Latin America, thereof 73% successful
32 projects in Northern Africa/Middle East, thereof 94% successful
6 inter-regional projects, all of them successful
3. Graph sector: Average grade according to the number of projects
The graph shows for each sector, how many projects have been evaluated in the 2021-2022 period, and what the average rating was for each sector. Across all sectors, the average rating was 2.69. Specifically:
36 projects in "other" sectors, average 2.58
9 projects in the health sector, average 2.78
14 projects in the education sector, average 2.5
13 projects in the energy sector, average 2.62
21 projects in the financial sector, average 2.0
17 projects in the sector agriculture and environment, average 3.35
2 projects in the sector transport and storage, average 5.0 and
10 projects in the water sector, average 3.2
4. Graph sctor: Success rate according to the number of projects
This graph shows the average success rates (rating 3 or better) of projects according to the different sectors for the evaluations of the years 2021 and 2022. Success rates vary greatly depending on the sector. The highest success rates are achieved in the financial and education sectors. Across all sectors, the average success rate is 84,4%. Specifically:
36 projects in "other" sectors, success rate 89%
9 projects in the health sector, therof 89% successful
14 projects in the education sector, thereof 100% successful
13 projects in the energy sector, thereof 85% successful
21 projects in the financial sector, all of them successful
17 projects in the sector agriculture and environment, thereof 59% successful
2 projects in the sector transport and storage, none of them successful and
10 projects in the water sector, thereof 70% successful.
In the 2021-2022 period, 152 Financial Cooperation (FC) projects were evaluated. The evaluations and charts are based on the 122 projects selected for evaluation in the randomly selected sample.
As in previous years, the African continent plays a significant role in this. The two regions of Sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa/Middle East account for just over half of the projects evaluated.
Success rates are above average in both regions. The results were close to the global average. Success rates are significantly lower, particularly in the Asia/Oceania and Latin America regions.
This graph shows the distribution of the projects evaluated in the 2021-2022 period over the different regions. It becomes clear that by a wide margin the highest number of projects falls into the three regions Sub-Saharan Africa, Northern Africa/Middle East and Asia/Oceania. It shows
33 projects in Sub-Saharan Africa with an average rating of 2,64
28 projects in Asia/Oceania with an average rating of 3,04
12 projects in Europe/Caucasus, average 2,33
11 projects in Latin America, average 2,59,
32 projects in Northern Africa/Middle East, average 2,59 and
6 inter-regional projects, average 2,17
Important consideration: the project priorities differ from region to region. Almost half of the projects in Latin America are resource conservation projects, but their success rate is below 60% worldwide – far below the general success rate of 84% (based on the projects evaluated in 2021-2022 from all samples).
From a sectoral perspective, we can clearly see that the financial sector – measured by the number of projects evaluated – is not only the largest individual sector, but also achieves the best average rating.
This graph shows the distribution of projects evaluated in 2021 and 2022 between the different sectors, including the average rating achieved by each sector. The clearly dominant sector is "other". Specifics:
36 project in "other" sectors, average 2.58
9 projects in the health sector, average 2.78
14 projects in the education sector, average 2.5
13 projects in the energy sector, average 2.62
21 projects in the financial sector, average 2.0
17 projects in the sector agriculture and environment, average 3.35
2 projects in the sector transport and storage, average 5.0 and
10 projects in the water sector, average 3.2
This confirms the picture from previous years. Several reasons are likely to account for the good performance. An important factor is the fact that financial sector projects are more likely to be implemented in more stable countries with established institutions and high-performance partners. This becomes clear in comparison with the water sector, for example, where the project partners often lack the necessary resources to ensure a long-term supply and cover costs.
The InsuResilience Investment Fund is breaking new ground in its adaptation to climate change. The supra-regional climate insurance fund enables vulnerable policyholders to benefit from affordable protection against extreme weather events. We found that innovative approaches take some time to find acceptance and trust across the board (Climate Insurance Funds I and II).
An energy efficiency credit line (= credit line in which loans were issued for energy-efficient investments) in Mexico took on a new approach: the ultimate borrowers repaid their loans directly through their electricity bill. The electricity supplier forwarded the saved energy fees directly to the bank until the loans were fully repaid. Thanks to this system, the bank’s loan default rates were very low, and the monthly burden for borrowers remained roughly the same despite the investment loan due to the energy savings. (Mexico: SME environmental credit line)
The Pakistan Microfinance Investment Company (PMIC) was established to address bottlenecks in the provision of microloans in Pakistan. PMIC provides funding for microfinance institutions (MFIs) to expand their lending to small businesses and private households in poverty. PMIC demonstrated an outstanding willingness to innovate and quickly adapted to market developments. In this way, additional positive impacts were achieved that had not been foreseen in the original project design. For example, the "Microfinance Plus" product range was designed to provide consultancy services, credit lines for the introduction of new products (e.g. agricultural insurance) or financing of solar power systems. During the coronavirus pandemic, PMIC also played a pioneering role in restructuring loans, which MFIs used as the basis to restructure their small loans. This was an important contribution in helping strengthen the sector’s resilience.
A supra-regional infrastructure fund was rated as unsuccessful. Its funds were intended for loans to municipal infrastructure projects in several Western Balkan countries. In particular, a lack of demand meant it was impossible to finance enough individual projects to maintain the fund. The demand issues were related to the municipalities’ limited debt capacity and to developments in the interest rate environment. Competing promotional funds, often provided as grants, further detracted from the appeal of loan financing. The fund had to be liquidated early (South-Eastern Europe: municipal infrastructure fund).
Several evaluations in Jordan’s water sector (Water supply in Greater Amman III/IV and Water supply in central governorates) highlight the difficulties of an adequate but affordable water supply – especially in the context of extremely scarce and dwindling water resources.
This highlights the importance of reducing water losses as much as possible as a prerequisite for the efficient use of resources and for a cost-covering supply for the population.
In Albania, we observed how an advance qualification approach to determining location selection positively impacted the results. In this context, the local water utility companies had to achieve certain milestones in advance (e.g. in terms of their covering costs) before they could qualify for participation in the project measures. At the same time, it became clear that the adoption of legal provisions – in the specific case in question, the regulation of wastewater treatment introduced in the course of convergence with EU standards – does not automatically lead to improvements in practice due to a lack of sufficient infrastructure (Albania: Municipal Infrastructure II).
Lake Ohrid in eastern Albania also raises a fairness question: is it legitimate if residents of the project city have to pay higher wastewater charges to protect the water quality, while residents of nearby North Macedonia continue to discharge untreated wastewater into the lake? (Sewage Disposal Pogradec III)
School infrastructure that is adequate in terms of quality and quantity is a prerequisite for improving primary education and increasing learning success. School construction projects in Tajikistan, the Gaza Strip and Jordan have demonstrated that the need for additional or improved school places is often high and will remain so. Education quality is often addressed coherently by other government or donor-financed programmes, e.g. for teacher training or curricula development.
In all cases, the chronic financing bottlenecks pose a high risk to sustainability as state-provided funds for maintenance and repair are lacking (Jordan: primary school construction II and III; Tajikistan: NSIFT Community Fund; Palestine: UNRWA Schools in Gaza and EGP school construction in the Gaza Strip). In Tajikistan, the schools were still in good condition after many years thanks to the formation of parent-teacher committees (Municipal fund to promote primary education and rebuild the municipal infrastructure Phase III).
In Jordan, the commitment of the school management was clearly demonstrated by the state of the schools (Jordan: primary school construction II and III). Financial resources (schools could decide for themselves how the money would be spent) are used efficiently where they are most needed and therefore strengthen capacities and ownership (Zimbabwe: Education Development Fund II).
Education not only offers displaced children structure, but also provides an essential basis for their future lives – helping to avoid a “lost generation”. Financing educational opportunities in camps and host communities has expanded educational opportunities in the formal and informal domains. The evaluations of learning centres for children affected by the Rohingya crisis (Bangladesh, learning centres) and of educational projects for Syrian refugees in Jordan (Jordan: financing of teachers' salaries III and IV) have shown that a balance in terms of support for refugees and the local population (in the sense of “do no harm”) must always be explored in order to ensure peaceful coexistence and reduce the potential for social tensions.
Interventions that address refugees and the local population together can have a potentially positive impact on social cohesion (Including strengthening resilience in the context of the Syria/Iraq crisis; Jordan: financing teachers' salaries III and IV). Holistic approaches that combine educational, social and psychosocial services, such as the Jordanian Makani centres, contribute to improving the resilience of refugees in particular and, in some cases, Jordanian children and young people (UNICEF Jordan: WASH Berm and Education NLG and UNICEF Jordan: Syrian volunteers in education). Nevertheless, in the context of a refugee crisis, it is essential for the measures to enable access for refugees from all nations in the intervention region. It also became apparent that the long-term continuation of financing with a short-term focus and which is dependent on annual commitments does not do justice to a persistent crisis situation such as in Jordan (Jordan: financing teachers' salaries III and IV). The context determines the extent to which education can be valorised – restrictions on access to higher education and the labour market significantly reduce the value of education from the perspective of the target group in Jordan, for example (Jordan: financing teachers' salaries III and IV). The results from the Palestinian territories and Jordan show that access to education can be maintained solely through financing teachers' salaries to an education provider, such as UNRWA in the present case. However, qualitative aspects, such as the further training of staff or the provision of a suitable learning environment, must then be addressed by other parties.
Only two projects in the transport sector were evaluated in the period 2021/2022. Both proved challenging, both to promote the maritime sector in Timor-Leste by setting up a repair and workshop facility and to promote Indonesian railways by equipping them with machinery to maintain the infrastructure.
In both cases, highly relevant barriers to development were addressed. In Timor-Leste, there were no options available for the maintenance or repair of ferries (Establishment of a repair and workshop facility). In Indonesia, machinery was needed to help counteract the further deterioration of road conditions (Sector Program Railway II). Conceptually, in the case of Timor-Leste, it became apparent that the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of the project would probably have significantly benefited from an appraisal of alternative solutions. In Indonesia, the impact of a sectoral reorganisation that had not been completed and responsibilities that had not been definitively clarified had been underestimated. Ultimately, equipment supplied to maintain the infrastructure remained largely unused.
Rural road construction in Cambodia led to very good results for the target group with regard to the use of infrastructure and effectiveness in terms of development policy. The inadequate infrastructure and the associated poor living conditions impaired the permanent settlement and cultivation by landless or land-poor people in the areas designated under land reform. The development of indigenous villages was also impaired by the poor infrastructure, which contributed to their inadequate participation in the country's general development. The provision of basic infrastructure improved the socio-economic living conditions and the resilience of landless, land-poor and indigenous people, thereby helping to secure land reform (Cambodia: infrastructure measures to secure land reform).
With regard to the sustainability of the impacts, the recurring major challenge in rural road construction projects is to provide sufficient budgets for maintenance and repair.
Several evaluations considered the role of credit lines as a vehicle for promoting renewable energy in Croatia or India. In both cases, structural financing gaps were overcome. With the help of credit lines, partner banks were able to introduce specific loan programmes which were continued even after the FC funding came to an end. However, it is more difficult to ensure the specific application of environmental and social compatibility standards when providing credit lines.
The funding of regional development banks also offers opportunities and incentives for financing and implementing renewable energy projects. This applies in particular if investors have insufficient access to (national) capital markets due to poor conditions. Cooperation with established regional development banks and their involvement in financing has great potential for having far-reaching impacts when promoting renewable energy projects.
Two pilot projects in Jordan and Morocco dealt with solar power systems for electricity production: In Jordan, for example, the Zaatari refugee camp built the world’s largest photovoltaic system in a refugee camp, which replaces traditional energy production based on imported oil. This reduces annual electricity costs by around 90%. The Ouarzazate power plant in Morocco was the first FC concentrated solar power plant (solar power plant: pooling of direct sunlight with reflectors on a small area) to be supported in a pilot project. Important success factors here were the integration of private capital via a public-private partnership, as this created an adequate investment climate, as well as the strong ownership of the Moroccan state (Jordan: Zaatari Camp power supply; and Morocco: NOOR I in Ourarzazate).
The first wind farms in the country were built in North Macedonia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It became clear that wind farm projects require comparatively long preparation due to the necessary studies, wind measurements, etc. Implementation can also take a long time. This is related to start-up processes and the reluctance among key stakeholders such as suppliers and approvals bodies. Ultimately, it concerned the premiere of a novel technology in the national context.
In both countries, the wind farms provided significant impetus for the respective energy sector concerning the development of new technologies in the renewable energies domain. Clear demonstration effects were observed, which resulted in further wind farm projects in both countries (North Macedonia: sectoral programme to promote EE and RE III; and Bosnia-Herzegovina: Mesihovina wind farm).
Promoting geothermal energy in a project in Indonesia proved challenging. Uncertainties regarding the regulatory framework as well as prospecting risks (risk that a geothermal site does not exhibit the required quantity or quality) posed significant hurdles for private sector participation and led to the termination of the project (Indonesia: development of geothermal resources).
Several evaluations in various African countries examined the needs-oriented provision of basic municipal services (e.g. District development funds Phase 1 and 2 in Ghana; Municipal development and decentralisation in Mali; a Programme to support decentralisation and good governance in Rwanda)
One of the key questions for projects in this domain is whether a performance-based approach with or without a performance component is more effective. In this context, the performance component is understood to mean that the subordinate administrative levels receive the funds not only based on social criteria, such as area, number of inhabitants, poverty rate, etc., but also that part of the funds are allocated based on performance criteria, e.g. number of proven project proposals from the districts, share of the budget spent from the previous year, etc.
While the available evaluations cannot provide a conclusive answer, other relevant findings emerge: for performance-based approaches, careful consideration should be given to the definition of performance to maintain an effective incentive system for the participating administrative units after several years. Overall, the local context and any adjacent objectives, such as the reconciliation of the population, play a decisive role in the selection and design of the allocation mechanism. For example, account must be taken of whether a performance-based approach raises inequality between strong and weak municipalities further and whether this creates new lines of conflict, or whether existing lines of conflict might be consolidated as a result.
Most of the projects evaluated focused on the countries as a whole. A project initially pursued a regional approach, but was subsequently converted into a national approach in order to reinforce the mandate of the agency executing the project (Municipal development and decentralisation in Mali).
Citizens’ participation plays a unique role in the provision of needs-based services. In particular, it is also essential to establish functioning feedback mechanisms on the projects to be implemented so that the population understands and supports the decisions made. Otherwise, there may be fatigue with respect to participation by the public.
Citizen participation plays an important role not only in service provision projects, but also in conflicting urban development. This applies in particular to the credibility of local administrations. However, engagement with security forces and sector authorities is also essential for substantial conflict mitigation and closing state supply gaps (South Africa: VPUU 1-3).
For projects in the field of political education, it is important to bear in mind that political education and education are essential prerequisites for the perception of political influence by the population. However, we cannot assume that this will automatically be reflected in better perceptions of how parliament exercises control, which depends on additional essential conditions being met (Zambia: strengthening parliamentary oversight).
With the global community’s agreement at COP 15 in Montreal in December 2022 to restore 30 percent of terrestrial and 30 percent of marine ecosystems by 2030, it was possible to achieve a success for biodiversity conservation. However, a key challenge for achieving these ambitious goals is and remains the mobilisation of sufficient financial resources. Biodiversity conservation is still chronically underfinanced. Due to their characteristics as public assets, less investment is made in the conservation of natural resources and their ecosystem services than is needed for them to be ecologically and economically viable.
Two nature conservation projects evaluated in Guinea and Namibia highlight the importance of sustainable financing for environmental protection. In Guinea, there was a lack of financial resources to continue the activities after the end of the project (Guinea: management of forest resources). As a result, the executing agency could no longer carry out activities to preserve the forest areas or manage them sustainably. In Namibia, on the other hand, the constant promotion of nature conservation through coherent project phases was able to make an effective contribution to protecting the unique wildlife in northern Namibia and to improving the livelihoods of the local population (Namibia: National Park Programme III and IIIb). The project results show that remote nature reserves can also develop to a great extent if holistic approaches address employee satisfaction in nature conservation parks, as well as the close involvement of the local population and NGOs. However, one challenge for the Namibian protected area system and that of many other partner countries is the lack of an enduring financing mechanism to cover ongoing operating costs in the protected areas to ensure the project's long-term success. A current cross-cutting evaluation by the FC evaluation unit shows that nature conservation foundations can be a suitable, complementary instrument for financing running costs.
The evaluation results from two forest projects in China (Sustainable forest management in Guizhou; afforestation in Anhui II, sustainable use of natural resources, Anhui III component) show that, despite good design and high relevance, external factors can also have a significant impact on sustainability and hence also on the success of the project. The projects invested in sustainable forest management, which was to be followed up by forest management plans. Due to state-defined wood felling rates and low timber prices in the country, these plans became unprofitable for forest owners and were often not continued as a result.
A current cross-cutting evaluation of available FC evaluation studies shows that resource conservation projects have a slightly lower success rate on average (overall rating of 3 or better) than projects in other sectors. The complexity of sustainability in this sector is one of the reasons for this.
A number of projects evaluated aim to improve reproductive health by expanding the range of modern contraceptives and improving knowledge of how to use them. In Pakistan, the hospital network of a local NGO in the project area was expanded and improved in quality as part of a social franchising concept (Pakistan: rural family planning (FP)). The local embedding of the franchisees created trust, and a wide range of contraceptives improved the conditions for self-directed family planning. This proved to counteract local scepticism towards individual contraceptive methods.
In Kenya, a call centre with a toll-free number was set up for information and awareness-raising activities related to family planning and HIV. Unfortunately, the long-term financing and continued operation by the domestic health care sector were not secured, meaning that the call centre could not continue after the FC financing ended (Kenya: development of the health care sector).
Sustainability, in particular the sustainable financing of education activities, remains a challenge in reproductive health projects (including Kenya and Pakistan’s rural FP). A regional project in West Africa created a dynamic coalition on sexual and reproductive health and rights through close cooperation between state and private organisations and donors at the national and regional levels; the coalition promotes the topic in the region (ECOWAS: reproductive health and HIV AIDS prevention).
FC interventions relating to equipment and infrastructure in hospitals and laboratories contributed to improving the quality and reliability of health care (Northern Pakistan health programme). Due to the improved appeal of a hospital, it was possible to counteract the tuberculosis stigma in the region effectively (Tajikistan: health care focus programme, combatting TBC IV).
Vaccination programmes to immunise children under the age of five are a very effective, efficient and sustainable health intervention. Non-discriminatory, equal access to vaccinations and improving vaccination rates across all population groups are central to success and remain a challenge (Gavi vaccination programme promotion in Pakistan and Ethiopia).
The COVID-19 pandemic has meanwhile shifted priorities in the health care sector. However, the evaluations show that health care services supported as part of FC projects were offered and requested again at a pre-pandemic level relatively soon after the pandemic had subsided.
Climate change is already presenting the local population of low rainfall regions with challenges that will increasingly expand to areas that will still be water-rich in the future. Approaches to sustainably managing water catchment areas and managing them are therefore important parameters for mitigating the effects of climate change in a targeted manner in relation to water availability and stabilising the water supply in the longer term.
Despite the need for a holistic approach, packages of interventions that are too broad carry the risk of overloading and fragmentation. These can have a detrimental effect on implementation costs, as current evaluation results show (Laos: sustainable management of water catchment areas in the Lower Mekong Basin).
One effective means of addressing the transnational issue on a needs basis might be a supraregional policy of embedding water resource protection approaches. In Laos, for example, the institutional involvement of an intergovernmental authority enabled learning experiences to be prepared and used in a targeted manner for further regional water resource conservation projects. Nevertheless, decentralised implementation by and direct involvement of sub-national authorities can strengthen the assumption of responsibility for the implemented measures and development of knowledge on resource protection approaches on the ground. However, another example shows that this can only be achieved if the local implementation partners have sufficient capacities (Bolivia: support for managing water catchment areas).
A look at the latest evaluation results shows that the approaches to sustainably managing water catchment areas are generally multifocal and diverse. Traditional technical support services, e.g. through the construction and maintenance of irrigation channels, are combined with the development of land use plans and sustainable agricultural systems, for example, in the area of erosion control and with the development of integrated water management (Laos: sustainable management of water catchment areas in the Lower Mekong Basin).
In very fragile contexts, due to a lack of government capacity and democratic institutions, cooperation often takes place with established multilateral organisations such as the United Nations (UN) system. The dynamics of fragile contexts and the need for fast-acting interventions present the financed projects with particular challenges, particularly concerning the sustainability of their impacts.
In 2021 and 2022, FC-financed multi-sectoral UN projects could not achieve any sustainable impacts in some cases. Due to their short-term and fast-acting objectives, these were not designed to achieve enduring impacts, or they contained sub-components that were not expected to be enduring (including UNRWA education and health programme – Gaza and West Bank, Phase II and Phase III; Strengthening rural resilience in Southern Somalia).
The evaluations showed that cash-for-work interventions often had no sustainable impacts due to their temporary aspirations. However, the infrastructure created generally had a medium to long-term impact (Including UNDP Iraq stabilisation facility (FFIS) I and II; Employment programme for poverty-oriented infrastructure Phase X, Palestinian Territories; support for the education sector by Syrian refugees (Phase I), Jordan).
In general, evaluations in the domain of very fragile contexts and multi-sectoral UN projects show that the enduring preservation and use of infrastructure created in conflict-ridden intervention contexts do suffer from exposure to increased risk. A lower level of ambition is therefore set for the long-term impact of such projects (including UNDP Iraq stabilisation facility (FFIS) I and II; employment programme for poverty-oriented infrastructure Phase X, Palestinian Territories; South Somalia: strengthening rural resilience).
For example, in a project in the Gaza Strip, in which housing was renovated following the conflict-related destruction in 2014, the rebuilt housing was partially destroyed or damaged again in 2021 due to renewed conflicts. In addition, the evaluation results in the area of cooperation with UN organisations show that the sustainability of the impacts achieved can often only be ensured through follow-up financing of the respective programmes (Strengthening resilience in the context of the Syria/Iraq crisis; UNICEF, Jordan WASH Berm and education/no lost generation (NLG)).
Flexible, open and participatory implementation approaches have had a predominantly positive effect. These allowed adjustment to the rapidly changing framework conditions in extremely fragile contexts through ongoing needs surveys, the systematic involvement of beneficiaries and non-earmarked financing.
Evaluation results for a regional project aimed at improving the living conditions of Palestinian refugees in Lebanon, Jordan and the Palestinian Territories show the positive impacts of participatory and open implementation approaches. Specifically, the interventions were primarily identified by the residents of the refugee camps themselves via “camp improvement plans”. As a result, the selection of interventions was not only needs-oriented, but also had a positive effect on the independent adoption and maintenance of the financed infrastructure. The community-based approach in the above-mentioned project in the Palestinian Territories had a similarly positive effect. The project-executing agency UNDP selected the individual interventions to be realised based on project applications from village councils and civil society organisations. The results of the evaluation show that the beneficiaries of the social and economic infrastructure measures in the Palestinian Territories had a higher interest in maintaining and using the financed individual interventions thanks to the possibility of active involvement in selecting the interventions.
Ultimately, evaluation results from 2021–2022 show mixed results with regard to multi-sectoral intervention packages where various sectoral components are implemented together. Multi-sectoral approaches, which were conceived and implemented in an inclusive and collaborative manner, generally generated positive synergy effects. In the case of a project in Ethiopia (Ethiopia: food aid), this implementation approach enabled the multi-sectoral core problem to be addressed holistically. Short-term nutrition and health care measures for refugees were specifically complemented by medium-term water and sanitation interventions geared towards acute needs.
However, synergies remain absent when components are not designed coherently. In addition, the variety of components increases the implementation effort and introduces a risk of efficiency losses (including UNRWA education and health care programme – Gaza and West Bank, Phase II and Phase III). For example, in a project in Jordan, education and water supply measures were implemented as stand-alone components, both geographically and in terms of content (Jordan: UNICEF WASH and NLG).
